Te Whakamahinga Whānui o ngā Mita Rere Hikohiko ā-Ao: Ngā Tirohanga ā-Rohe me te Ao Whānui

I. Ngā Whakamahinga ā-Rohe: I Whakaritea ki ngā Hiahia Ahumahi ā-Rohe​

1. Te Whakahaere Wai me te Para o te Tāone​

I ngā whenua taupori nui pēnei i a Haina me Īnia, he mea nui te tuku wai ā-rohe me te maimoatanga wai para, ā, he mea nui te mahi a ngā mita rere EM ki te arotau i ēnei pūnaha. Hei tauira, i Haina, ko te kaupapa "Sponge City" a te kāwanatanga—e aro ana ki te whakapai ake i te ātete wai o ngā tāone—e whakawhirinaki nui ana ki ngā mita rere EM hei aroturuki i te tohatoha wai i roto i ngā paipa, hei aroturuki i te rere o te wai para i roto i ngā tipu maimoatanga, me te ine i te pai o te hauhake wai ua. Kāore i rite ki ngā mita rere mīhini, ka taea e ngā taputapu EM te whakahaere i te nui o te paru me te nui o te paru e kitea ana i roto i ngā wai para o ngā tāone o Haina, e whakarite ana i ngā raraunga tika mō te kimi turuturu me te matapae tono. I ngā tāone pēnei i a Shanghai me Beijing, kua whakauruhia ngā mita rere EM ki roto i ngā whatunga wai atamai, e āhei ai te aroturuki mamao tūturu i te whakamahinga wai puta noa i ngā rohe noho, arumoni, me ngā rohe ahumahi. Ehara i te mea ka whakaitihia e tēnei te wai kore-moni (NRW) anake — he wero roa mō ngā ratonga Hainamana — engari ka tautokohia hoki ngā whakataunga raraunga hei tohatoha i ngā rauemi wai kia tika ake.​

I te Hononga o Amerika, ko ngā tono ā-tāone mō ngā mita rere EM e aro ana ki te tutuki i ngā ture taiao tino pakari, pērā i te Ture Wai Ma. Ka whakamahia e ngā tāone pērā i a New York me Los Angeles ngā mita rere EM i roto i ngā tipu maimoatanga wai para hei ine i te rere o te wai para kore rongoā ki roto i ngā whare maimoatanga me te tukunga o te wai para kore rongoā ki roto i ngā awa, i ngā moana rānei. Ko te kaha o ngā taputapu ki te pupuri i te tika i roto i ngā tere rere rerekē (mai i ngā maturuturu iti i ngā wā maroke ki ngā ngaru nui i muri i te ua nui) ka whakarite kia tutuki i ngā ratonga ngā here tukunga me te karo i ngā whiu utu nui. Hei tāpiri, i roto i ngā rohe e pāngia ana e te tauraki, pērā i a California, ka whakamahia ngā mita rere EM hei aroturuki i te whakamahinga wai whakamakuku ahuwhenua, hei āwhina i ngā mana whakahaere kāwanatanga ki te whakamana i ngā ture tiaki wai me te whakarite kia whiwhi ngā kaimahi pāmu i te nama tika mō ā rātou inu wai.

2. Te Hanga Ahumahi

I roto i ngā rāngai ahumahi ā-rohe, kua whakaritea ngā mita rere EM hei aro atu ki ngā wero motuhake o te ahumahi. I Tiamana, he kaiārahi o te ao i roto i te hanga motuka me te matū, he mea nui ngā mita rere EM ki ngā tukanga tika. Ka whakamahia ēnei e ngā wheketere motuka hei ine i te rere o ngā wai whakamatao, ngā hinu whakahinuhinu, me ngā hanganga peita—he wai kei roto i ngā matūriki iri, i ngā tāpiringa rānei ka ārai i ngā mita miihini. Mā te tika o ngā taputapu EM ka whakarite i te kounga hua pumau, nā te mea ahakoa ngā rerekētanga iti o te rere wai ka pā ki te mahi a ngā wāhanga motuka. I roto i ngā wheketere matū puta noa i Tiamana, ka whakahaerehia e ngā mita rere EM ngā wai waikura (pērā i ngā waikawa me ngā whakarewa) nā ā rātou ngongo rere ātete-waikura (kua whakakikoruatia ki te PTFE, ki te uku rānei), ka ārai i ngā turuturu me te whakarite i te haumaru o ngā kaimahi.

I Hapani, he pokapū mō te hanga hikohiko me te hanga haurua-haurua, ka whakamahia ngā mita rere EM i roto i ngā pūnaha wai tino parakore e tino hira ana ki te hanga maramara. Me whai wai tata ki te kore he poke mō te hanga haurua-haurua, ā, mā ngā mita rere EM—me ō rātou ara rere maeneene, kāore e āraia—ka ārai i te poke o te wai me te whakarato raraunga rere tika. He mea nui tēnei mō ngā tukanga pēnei i te horoi wafer, ka taea e ngā matūriki iti te hanga i ngā maramara he hapa. Ka whakawhirinaki hoki ngā kaihanga Hapani ki ngā mita rere EM i roto i te hanga kai me te inu, pēnei i roto i ngā whare hanga sake, hei ine i te rere o te raihi mash me te wai, me te whakarite i te ōritetanga o te reka me te nui o te waipiro me te whai i ngā paerewa haumaru kai tino pakari.

II. Ngā Whakamahinga ā-Ao: Ngā Otinga Whakawhiti-Rohe mō ngā Wero o te Ao​

1. Te Ahumahi Hinu me te Hau

E whakawhirinaki ana te rāngai hinu me te hau o te ao ki ngā mita rere EM hei aro atu ki ngā wero ahurei o te ine i ngā wai hauwaiwai, he maha ngā wā he matotoru, he waikura, he onepu me ngā paru kei roto. I te Middle East—te kāinga o ngā rahui hinu nui rawa atu o te ao—ka whakamahia ngā mita rere EM i ngā mahi whakarunga (tango hinu) hei ine i te rere o te hinu mata mai i ngā puna ki ngā paipa. Kāore i rite ki ngā mita tāpine, ka taea te pakaru e ngā matūriki onepu i roto i te hinu mata, kāore he wāhanga neke o ngā taputapu EM, ka roa ai te ora i roto i ngā āhuatanga koraha kino. I ngā mahi whakarunga, pērā i ngā whare whakapai hinu i Saudi Arabia me te United Arab Emirates, ka ine ngā mita rere EM i te rere o ngā hua kua whakapaia (pēnei i te penehīni me te tīhiera) i te wā whakaranu me te tohatoha, kia tika ai te horopeta o ngā tāpiringa me te tutuki i ngā paerewa kounga wahie o te ao.

I ngā mara hinu o waho, pērā i ngā mea i te Moana-a-Kiwa (e whakahaerehia ana e ngā kamupene mai i te UK, Norway, me te Netherlands), ka whakamahia ngā mita rere EM ki roto i ngā paipa o raro i te moana hei ine i te rere o te hinu me te hau. Kua hangaia ēnei taputapu kia tu atu ki te pēhanga nui (tae atu ki te 10,000 psi) me ngā pāmahana iti, ā, mā te hoahoa kore-pa ka whakakorea te mōrearea o te pakaru miihini i ngā wāhi tawhiti, uaua ki te tiaki. Mā ngā raraunga wā-tūturu mai i ngā mita rere EM ka āwhina i ngā kaiwhakahaere ki te arotau i ngā tere whakaputa me te kite wawe i ngā turuturu, me te whakaiti i ngā kino taiao me ngā mate pūtea—he mea nui i ngā wāhi tairongo taiao pērā i te Moana-a-Kiwa.

2. Te Aroturuki Taiao me te Whakapūmautanga

I te ao whānui, he taputapu matua ngā mita rere EM hei aro atu ki te huringa āhuarangi me te tiaki taiao, me ngā tono e horapa ana i ngā kaupapa whakawhiti rohe. Ko te Water Framework Directive (WFD) a te Kotahitanga o Ūropi, e whai ana ki te whakaora me te pupuri i te mana taiao pai o ngā wai katoa puta noa i Ūropi, e whakawhirinaki ana ki ngā mita rere EM hei aroturuki i te rerenga awa, te whakakī wai whenua, me te rere o ngā poke mai i ngā wāhi ahumahi ki ngā awa. Hei tauira, i te Danube River Basin—e tohaina ana e te 19 whenua—ka tāutahia ngā mita rere EM ki ngā wāhi tirotiro rohe hei ine i te rere o te wai me te kite i ngā rerenga ture kore, ka taea ai te mahi tahi puta noa i te whenua hei whakaiti i te poke. Ko te kaha o ngā taputapu ki te ine i te wai ma me te wai poke ka whakarite kia pono ngā raraunga, ahakoa i ngā rohe he nui te mahi ahumahi.​

I ngā whenua whakawhanake puta noa i Āwherika me te Tonga-mā-rāwhiti o Āhia, kei te tautoko ngā mita rere EM i ngā kaupapa āwhina o te ao e aro ana ki te urunga atu ki te wai ma. Ka whakamahia e ngā whakahaere pēnei i te United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) ngā mita rere EM i roto i ngā pūnaha tuku wai taiwhenua hei ine i te rere o te wai mai i ngā poka wai ki ngā puna wai o te hapori, kia mōhio ai kei te tohatohahia ngā rauemi kia ōrite, ā, kei te mahi pai ngā pūnaha. I ngā rohe pēnei i te Rift Valley o Kenya, kei reira te korenga o te wai, ka āwhina ngā mita rere EM ki te whai i ngā tauira whakamahinga wai, e āhei ai ngā rōpū āwhina ki te hoahoa i ngā kaupapa tiaki taiao kua arotahi ake. Hei tāpiri, i te Mekong River Basin o te Tonga-mā-rāwhiti o Āhia, ka whakamahia ngā mita rere EM hei aroturuki i te pānga o ngā tāhuna hiko wai ki te rere o te awa, e whakarato ana i ngā raraunga ki ngā whakahaere o te ao e whakahaere ana i te hanganga tāhuna hei tiaki i ngā taupori ika me ngā hapori o te rohe e whakawhirinaki ana ki te awa hei oranga.​

III. Te Whakataurite i ngā Whakamahinga ā-Rohe me ā-Ao: Te Huinga me te Wehenga​

Ahakoa kei te mau tonu te mahi matua o ngā mita rere EM puta noa i te ao, e whakaata ana ā rātou tono i ngā kaupapa matua ā-rohe me ngā hiahia o te ahumahi. I ngā whenua whakawhanake (hei tauira, te US, Europe, Japan), he maha ngā wā ka aro nui ngā tono ki te tutuki i ngā ture tino pakari (taiao, haumaru, kounga) me te whakauru ki ngā pūnaha atamai, aunoa. Hei tauira, ko ngā kaihanga Pākehā e whakatairanga ana i ngā mita rere EM me ngā kawa whakawhitiwhiti mamati (pēnei i a Profinet, WirelessHART rānei) hei hono atu ki ngā wheketere e whakahohea ana e te Industry 4.0, ko ngā ratonga o Amerika e aro ana ki ngā taputapu e tautoko ana i ngā rauropi kitenga turuturu matatau.​

He rerekē, i ngā whenua whakawhanake (hei tauira, Īnia, Kenya, Vietnam), he nui ake te aro o ngā tono ki te whai huatanga taketake me te urunga atu ki ngā rauemi. Ka whakamahia ngā mita rere EM hei whakaiti i te para wai, hei whakarite i te tohatoha ōrite, me te tautoko i ngā kaupapa hanganga iti te utu—he maha ngā wā he māmā ake, he iti ake te utu e whakatairanga ana i te roa o te ora i ngā āhuatanga matihiko matatau. Heoi, kei te tipu haere te huihuinga i te mea ka whakamahia e ngā whenua whakawhanake ngā hangarau atamai: hei tauira, ko te whakaurunga a Haina o ngā mita rere EM ki ngā tāone atamai he rite ki ngā mahi i Ūropi, ko te pana a Īnia i ngā wā tata nei mō te "India Mamati" kua piki ake te whakamahinga o ngā mita rere EM me ngā āheinga aroturuki mamao i roto i ngā pūnaha wai o te tāone.​

Ko tētahi atu rerekētanga matua kei roto i te arotahi ahumahi: i ngā rohe whai rawa hinu pērā i te Middle East, he nui te aro o ngā mita rere EM ki te rāngai pūngao, engari i ngā pokapū hangahanga pērā i Tiamana me Hapani, ko rātou te nuinga o ngā tukanga ahumahi. I roto i ngā ōhanga ahuwhenua pērā i a Brazil, ka whakamahia ngā mita rere EM i roto i ngā pūnaha whakamakuku hei whakapai ake i te whakamahinga wai mō ngā hua pērā i te pīni soya me te kawhe, e whakaata ana i te whakawhirinaki o te whenua ki te ahuwhenua mō te tipu ōhanga.

Whakamutunga

Kua hipa ngā mita rere hiko-aukume i ngā rohe ā-rohe, ā, kua noho hei otinga whānui mō te ine wai, nā te tika, te whānui, me te ngāwari ki te urutau. Mai i ngā tāone atamai o Haina me ngā wheketere motuka o Tiamana ki ngā mara hinu o te Middle East me ngā pūnaha wai tuawhenua o Āwherika, kei te aro atu ngā mita rere EM ki ngā wero ā-rohe ahurei, me te whai wāhi atu ki ngā whāinga ā-ao mō te pumau, te whai hua, me te ōritetanga rauemi. I te mea kei te whakamahi tonu ngā ahumahi o te ao i ngā hangarau atamai me ngā ture taiao pakari ake, ka piki haere te hiahia mō ngā mita rere EM—ka whakaū ake i tā rātou tūranga hei poutokomanawa mō te whakahaere wai hou. Ahakoa i roto i ngā taiao ā-rohe, ā-ao rānei, e whakaatu ana ēnei taputapu ko te auahatanga i roto i te hangarau ine ehara i te mea ko te tika anake, engari ko te whakamana i ngā hapori, ngā ahumahi, me ngā iwi ki te whakamahi rauemi me te whakaaro nui ake i roto i te ao e tere hurihuri ana.