Ngā Mita Rere o te Hongere Tuwhera mō ngā Wai Parauri/Nui te Para: He Tino Pai mō te Keri me te Rerenga Ahuwhenua

Ko te kaupapa matua o te pai o ngā mita rere awa tuwhera mō ngā āhuatanga wai kino ko tā rātou kaupapa ine kore-whakauru, kore-pā rānei. Kāore i rite ki ngā mita paipa kati e whakawhirinaki ana ki ngā pūoko ā-roto (he ngāwari te poke i te puranga paru) me ngā wāhanga miihini (he ngāwari ki te pakaru mai i ngā matūriki whakakoi), ka ine ngā mita awa tuwhera i te rere i roto i ngā awa tuwhera kāore i te pēhanga (pēnei i ngā awaawa, ngā awaawa, ngā pā wai rānei) mā te whakamahi i ngā pūoko o waho, iti rānei te kitea. Ko ngā hangarau noa ko te ultrasonic (te ine i te taumata wai mā ngā ngaru oro), te radar (te whakamahi i ngā ngaru reo irirangi hei kite i te teitei o te mata), me te laser (mō te aroturuki taumata tika)—e karo katoa ana i te pa tika ki ngā wāhanga wai tino kapi i te paru. Ka whakakorea e tēnei hoahoa ngā tūponotanga aukati me te whakaiti i te pakū, me te whakarite i te tika tonu ahakoa he nui te kukū o te onepu, te paru, te paru kohuke rānei kei roto i ngā wai. Hei tauira, ka whakamahia e ngā mita awa tuwhera ultrasonic ngā whakawhiti i runga ake i te mata wai, ka tukuna ngā ngaru e peke atu ana i te wai hei tatau i te taumata (ā, nō reira, te tere rere mā ngā inenga awa kua whakaritea i mua)—kāore he wāhanga e rumakina ana ki te wai pōuri, kāore he tūponotanga o te poke o te pūoko.

Mō te umanga keri, i te mea he hua tonu ngā wai paru, taumaha-parapara o ngā mahi (mai i te horoinga o te konganuku ki te whakahaere i ngā paru), ka aro atu ngā mita rere awa tuwhera ki ngā hiahia whakahaere me te taiao nui. He maha ngā wā kei roto i ngā wai para keri he nui ngā totoka iri (pēnei i ngā mea paitini rino, te puehu waro rānei), ka taea te whakakore wawe i ngā mita paipa kati tuku iho mā te aukati i ngā pūoko, te whakaiti rānei i ngā wāhanga o roto. He rerekē, ka tupu pai ngā mita awa tuwhera i roto i tēnei taiao: ka noho kore ō rātou pūoko o waho i te hanga paru, ā, ko tō rātou kaha ki te whakahaere i ngā tere rere rerekē (he mea noa i roto i te keri, i te wā e piki haere ana te whakamahinga wai i te wā e tukatuka ana i te konganuku) ka whakarite kia tika te aroturuki i te tukunga wai parapara. He mea nui tēnei tika mō te tutuki i ngā ture: ko te nuinga o ngā rohe e hiahia ana kia ripoatahia e ngā maina te nui o te wai parapara me ngā taumata paru hei ārai i te poke o te awa, o te wai whenua rānei. Hei tauira, i huri tētahi mahi keri koura i Te Tai Hauāuru o Ahitereiria ki ngā mita awa tuwhera e hangai ana ki te radar hei aroturuki i te rere o te roto paru. Kāore i te ātete noa ngā mita i te wai paru nui (i mua i aukati i ngā mita miihini ia wiki) engari i whakarato hoki i ngā raraunga wā-tūturu i āwhina i te maina ki te whakaiti i te tukunga paru mā te 22%—te karo i ngā whiu utu nui me te whakapai ake i te mahi taiao. Hei tāpiritanga, he ngāwari te tāuta i ngā mita awaawa tuwhera ki roto i ngā awaawa rangitahi me ngā awaawa e whakamahia ana i te maina, ā, he ngāwari ake i ngā pūnaha paipa kati-pūmau.

I roto i te aroturuki i te rerenga wai ahuwhenua, he mahi nui tā ngā mita rere awa tuwhera ki te whakahaere wai pumau me te tiaki taiao. Ko te rerenga wai ahuwhenua—te wai e rere ana mai i ngā mara i muri i te whakamakuku, i te ua rānei—he nui ngā taumata o te paru, ngā maniua, me ngā patu pepeke, ka tūpono ki ngā ara wai tata (pēnei i te eutrophication, te horo oneone rānei). He uaua ngā mita tuku iho ki konei: ka āraihia e te paru ngā tomokanga, ā, ko te rere rerekē (mai i ngā ua māmā ki ngā ua nui) ka arahi ki ngā panuitanga hē. Heoi, kua hangaia ngā mita awa tuwhera hei whakahaere i ēnei rerekētanga: ka taea e rātou te ine i te rere iti (hei tauira, te rerenga wai i muri i te whakamakuku) me te rere nui (hei tauira, te rerenga wai awha) me te tika ōrite, ā, ko ō rātou pūoko kore-whakaeke e ātete ana ki te paru mai i ngā matūriki oneone. Mō tētahi pāmu kānga nui i Iowa, mā te tāuta i ngā mita awa tuwhera ultrasonic ki ngā awaawa waikeri mara ka taea e ngā kaimahi pāmu te whai i te nui o te rerenga wai me te tautuhi i ngā wāhi he nui te horo oneone. Mā te whakarerekē i ngā kaupapa whakamakuku me te tāpiri i ngā hua hipoki ki ngā rohe rerenga wai nui, i whakaitihia e te pāmu te ngaronga paru mā te 30% me te whakapai ake i te whai huatanga o te whakamahinga wai—i tapahia ngā utu whakamakuku mā te 15%. Mō ngā mahi ahuwhenua kei raro i ngā ture taiao (pēnei i te US Clean Water Act), ka whakaratohia hoki e ngā mita ngā raraunga ka taea te manatoko hei whakamatau i te tutuki i ngā herenga wai e rere ana.

Ko tētahi atu painga matua o ngā mita rere awa tuwhera mō ngā ahumahi e rua ko te iti o ngā whakaritenga tiaki. I roto i te maina, i te mea kei ngā wāhi tawhiti, uaua ki te uru atu ngā taputapu, he nui te utu me te roa o te wā e hiahiatia ana te mahi tiaki mita auau. Ko ngā mita awa tuwhera, kāore he wāhanga neke e rukuhia ana ki raro, me horoi noa i ngā pūoko o waho i ētahi wā (he ngāwari te mahi ki te paraihe) me te whakatikatika ā-tau—ka whakaiti i ngā utu tiaki tae atu ki te 50% ki te whakataurite ki ngā mita tuku iho. I roto i te ahuwhenua, i te mea e pāngia ana ngā mita e ngā āhuatanga o te rangi, ka whakarite ngā hoahoa pakari (pēnei i ngā ārai ātete huarere me ngā rauemi ātete-waikura) i te mahi pono i te ua, te wera, te makariri rānei. He maha ngā tauira kei roto hoki ngā āhuatanga atamai, pērā i te tuku raraunga mamao mā te IoT, e āhei ai ngā kaiwhakahaere maina, ngā kaimahi pāmu rānei ki te aroturuki i ngā tere rere mai i tētahi wāhi pokapū—ka penapena wā me te whakapai ake i te tirohanga mahi.

Ahakoa he nui ake te utu tīmatanga mō ngā mita rere wai tuwhera i ngā mita mīhini taketake, he nui ake ngā painga mō te keri me te aroturuki i te rere o te wai ahuwhenua i tēnei haumitanga. Mō ngā maina, ko te whakaiti i ngā utu tiaki, te tutuki i ngā ture, me te tiaki taiao ka puta he hokinga mai o te haumitanga i roto i ngā tau 2–3. Mō ngā pāmu, ko te whakapai ake i te whai huatanga o te wai, te whakaiti i te ngaronga o te paru, me te iti o ngā utu whakamakuku ka tukuna he hua pūtea rite tonu - me te painga tāpiri o te whakahaere whenua pumau.

I te mea e piki haere ana te pēhanga ki te whakaiti i te pānga ki te taiao me te whakahaere pai ake, kua noho ngā mita rere awa tuwhera mō ngā wai paru/waipara nui hei taputapu tino nui. Nā te kaha ki te whakakotahi i te roa, te tika, me te iti o te tiaki, ka tino pai ai rātou mō ngā wero ahurei o ēnei ahumahi. Ahakoa te aroturuki i te wai para keri hei tiaki i ngā awa, te whai rānei i te rerenga ahuwhenua hei tiaki i te oneone me te wai, ehara i te otinga ine noa iho ngā mita rere awa tuwhera—he mea nui ēnei mō ngā mahi pumau. Mō ngā pakihi katoa e pā ana ki ngā wai paru, waipara nui rānei, ka whakaatu ēnei mita kāore e tika kia whakaitihia te mahi ina he kino ngā āhuatanga kino.