1. Rapa (Taiao/Neoprene/CR)
Pai rawa atu mō: Ngā mea whānui, te waikura iti ki te taurite, ngā mea wai, me te paru paru me te ngawari o te pakū.
Pāmahana: I te nuinga o te wā -10 °C ki te +80 °C (he pikinga poto ki te 90 °C).
Waikura: Ātete ki te wai māori, te wai para, te wai moana, te wai para, ngā waikawa/kawa ngoikore (pH 4–10), me ngā hinu.
Te Waro: Taurite; he pai mō te paru ngawari, te penupenu pepa, ngā paru maina (he iti ngā totoka).
Pēhanga: Tae atu ki te PN16–PN25 (1.6–2.5 MPa).
Ngā Here: Kāore e whakamahia mō ngā waikawa kaha, ngā kawakore kaha, ngā whakarewa, ngā pāmahana tiketike rānei; ka pupuhi i roto i ngā warowaihā.
Ngā Ahumahi: Wai/wai para, ā-rohe, HVAC, tukanga whānui, keri maina (iti te pakū).
2. PTFE (Polytetrafluoroethylene, Teflon®)
Pai rawa atu mō: Ngā mea tino waikura, ngā pāmahana teitei, me ngā wai kāore e mura.
Pāmahana: -40 °C ki te +130 °C (paerewa); -200 °C ki te +200 °C (tihi, wā iti).
Waikura: Tino pai—ātete ki ngā waikawa kukū (HCl, H₂SO₄, HNO₃), ngā turanga kaha (NaOH, KOH), ngā kaiwhakaoho (NaClO, H₂O₂), me te nuinga o ngā whakarewa waro.
Waru: Kāore i te pai—kāore e tika kia nui ngā totoka, te onepu, ngā matūriki mārō rānei.
Pēhanga: Tae atu ki te PN25 (2.5 MPa); kāore mō te pēhanga korehau/pēhanga kino (mōrearea te hinga).
Ngā Āheinga: He pakarukaru, he iti te ātete ki te pakū, he iti te manawanui ki te korehau; ka pāngia e ngā konganuku kawakore rewa, te hau wheowhio, te ClF₃.
Ngā Ahumahi: Te tukatuka matū, te hinu-matū, te rongoā, te whakakikorua, te wai para (tino waikura).
3. PFA (Perfluoroalkoxy, "PTFE Kua Whakarerekētia")
Pai rawa atu mō: Ngā tono parakore teitei, pāmahana teitei, me te waikura kaha (whakapai ake i te PTFE).
Pāmahana: ‐40 °C ki te +180 °C (tonu); ngā tihi poto ki te 200 °C.
Waikura: Ōrite ki te PTFE—ātete ki ngā rauemi katoa e hototahi ana ki te PTFE; tino iti te tangohanga katote konganuku (<1 ppb).
Te Waro: Pai ake i te PTFE (he āhua noa iho); he pai mō ngā totoka iti ki te āhua noa.
Pēhanga: Tae atu ki te PN40 (4.0 MPa); he ātete tino pai ki te korehau/pēhanga kino.
Ā-ringa: Ngāwari, pakari, ātete ngokingoki; ka taea te here ki te ngongo mā te wera (kāore e wehea); kei te wātea te kōwhiringa mārama/mārama.
Ngā whakaritenga: FDA, 3‑A, EHEDG, ASME BPE (ngā paerewa akuaku/parakore teitei).
Ngā Here: Te utu nui ake (3–5× PTFE); he rite tonu ngā okotahi matū ki te PTFE.
Ngā Ahumahi: Kaihikohiko haurua-arataki (wai/matū tino parakore), hangarau koiora/rongoā (parakore/CIP/SIP), kai/inu (whakakorenga pāmahana teitei), pūngao rā, me ngā tukanga matū matatau.
Wā tuku: Mei-11-2026